Madhayi eSulfide rudzi rwemadhayi ane sarufa ane chimiro chakaomarara chemorekuru. Anowanzo gadzirwa nemaamine anonhuhwirira, aminophenols nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinopiswa nesarufa kana sodium polysulfide, kureva kuti, zvakasanganiswa.
Madhayi esulfide haanyanyi kunyungudika mumvura, uye kana achidhayiwa, anofanira kunyungudika mu sodium sulfide kana alkaline insurance powder solution kuti aderedze kuita leaches, uye ozooxidized kuti aratidze ruvara mushure mekunyudzwa kwefiber.
Pfupiso yemadhayi esarufa
Madhayi eVulcanized akagadzirwa kuti adhaye fiber yecellulose kekutanga kubvira muna 1873, uye maitiro ayo ekugadzira ari nyore, anowanzo gadzirwa nearomatic amines kana phenolic compounds yakasanganiswa nesarufa kana sodium polysulfide uye ichipiswa. Mutengo wakaderera, uri nyore kushandisa, hapana kudzora kenza, ine kushambidzika kwakanaka uye kusimba kwezuva, idhayi inozivikanwa. Zvisinei, nekuti imhando yemadhayi asinganyungudike mumvura, painodhaya, inoderedzwa kuita soluble lemon sodium salt mualkali sulfide solution, mushure mekudhaya fiber yemunhu, mushure mekuoxidation kuti isanyungudike yakaiswa pafiber, saka maitiro ekudhaya akaoma, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akasimba ealkaline haagone kushandiswa kune mvere dzemakwai, sirika nedzimwe fiber dzeprotein.
Saka, madhayi akasanganiswa anonyanya kushandiswa mukudhaya mafiber e cellulose, kunyanya mukudhaya zvigadzirwa zvakasviba zvemachira edonje, ayo mavara maviri emadhayi eSulfide ari rudzi rwemadhayi ane sarufa ane chimiro chakaoma chemorekuru. Kazhinji anogadzirwa nemamwe maamine anonhuhwirira, aminophenols nezvimwe zvinhu zveorganic zvinopiswa nesarufa kana sodium polysulfide, kureva kuti, akasanganiswa.
Madhayi esulfide haanyanyi kunyungudika mumvura, uye kana achidhayiwa, anofanira kunyungudika mu sodium sulfide kana alkaline insurance powder solution kuti aderedze kuita leaches, uye ozooxidized kuti aratidze ruvara mushure mekunyudzwa kwefiber.
Pfupiso yemadhayi esarufa
Madhayi eVulcanized akagadzirwa kuti adhaye fiber yecellulose kekutanga kubvira muna 1873, uye maitiro ayo ekugadzira ari nyore, anowanzo gadzirwa nearomatic amines kana phenolic compounds yakasanganiswa nesarufa kana sodium polysulfide uye ichipiswa. Mutengo wakaderera, uri nyore kushandisa, hapana kudzora kenza, ine kushambidzika kwakanaka uye kusimba kwezuva, idhayi inozivikanwa. Zvisinei, nekuti imhando yemadhayi asinganyungudike mumvura, painodhaya, inoderedzwa kuita soluble lemon sodium salt mualkali sulfide solution, mushure mekudhaya fiber yemunhu, mushure mekuoxidation kuti isanyungudike yakaiswa pafiber, saka maitiro ekudhaya akaoma, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akasimba ealkaline haagone kushandiswa kune mvere dzemakwai, sirika nedzimwe fiber dzeprotein.
Saka, madhayi akasanganiswa anonyanya kushandiswa pakudhaya mafiber e cellulose, kunyanya pakudhaya zvigadzirwa zvakasviba zvemachira edonje, ayo ane mavara akasiyana-siyana enhema yesarufauyebhuruu resarufa
dhayi yebrown yesarufa
sarufa ruvara rutsvuku lgf
ruvara rwesarufa rwebrown 10 yero brown
sarufa yero 2 upfu hweyero
sarufa bordeaux 3b sarufa upfu hutsvuku
ndidzo dzinonyanya kushandiswa.
Chechipiri, mashandiro ekudhaya e sulfide dyes
Dhayi resulfide rinoderedzwa uye rinonyungudutswa kuita dhayi, uye dhayi re leucochroma rinoumbwa rinonyungudutswa ne cellulose fibers uye rinogadziriswa ne air oxidation kuti cellulose fibers iratidze ruvara rwaunoda. Fomura yaro yemakemikari ndeye
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Dhayi resulfide harina hukama nefiber, uye chimiro charo chine mabhondi esulfure (1 S 1), mabhondi edisulfide (1 s — S) kana mabhondi epolysulfide (1 Sx 1), ayo anoderedzwa kuita boka rehydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) pasi pesimba re sodium sulfide reducing agents, uye anova leucochromic sodium salt inonyungudika mumvura. Chikonzero nei ma leucochromes aine hukama hwakanaka ne cellulose fibers ndechekuti mamorekuru edhayi akakura, izvo zvinoburitsa masimba makuru evan der Waals uye masimba ehydrogen bonding pakati pefibers.
III. Kupatsanurwa kwedhayi dzesarufa
Dhayi dzesulfide dzinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina:
1, dhayi yeupfu sulfide
Maitiro edhayi: DSSD, inowanzo shandiswa kufashaira sodium sulfide, yakanyungudutswa mushure mekushandisa.
2, madhayi ehydrolytic sulfide
Fomura yakajairika yedhayi: D-SSO3Na, rudzi urwu rwedhayi rwakagadzirwa ne sodium sulfite kana sodium bisulfite kurapwa kwedhayi dzechinyakare dzesulfide, madhayi ane mapoka anonyungudika mumvura, saka anonyungudika mumvura, asi dhayi haina zvinoderedza, haina hukama nemafiber, inowanzo shandiswa nzira yekudhaya suspension pad inoshandiswa pajira.
3, dhayi yesulfide yemvura
Fomura yakajairika yekugadzirwa kwedhayi ndeiyi: D-SNa, ine huwandu hwakati hwechinhu chinodzikisa, dhayi inoderedzwa kuita leptochroma inonyungudika.
Pamberi pa1936, dhayi yakasanganiswa yaitengeswa muchimiro cheupfu. Payaishandiswa, dhayi yakasanganiswa nehupfu yaipiswa pamwe chete kuti ifashaire ne sulfide aqueous solution kuti inyungudike. Muna 1936, John Le Clester wekuUnited States akagadzira sulfide dye concentrated solution yakanga yaderedzwa, uye yakasimbiswa zvakanaka, uye akawana patent, iyo yava kuzivikanwa se liquid sulfide dye.
4, dhayi yesulfide inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza
Mukugadzirwa kwayo, inonatswa kuita madhayi anobuda, asi huwandu hwesarufa nehuwandu hwepolysulfide hwakaderera zvikuru pane hwemadhayi esulfide akajairwa. Dhayi iyi ine kuchena kwakanyanya, ine mwero wekudzikisa wakasimba uye inopinza zvakanaka. Panguva imwe chete, chinhu chinodzikisa shuga nehupfu hweinishuwarenzi chinoshandiswa mubhavhu redhayi, izvo zvisingangogone kuderedza dhayi yesulfide chete asiwo zvine basa rekuchengetedza nharaunda.
Chechina, maitiro ekudhaya madhayi esulfide
Maitiro ekudhaya vulcanization anogona kukamurwa kuita matanho mana anotevera:
1. Kuderedzwa kwedhayi
Zviri nyore kuderedza nekunyungudutsa madhayi esulfide, uye sodium sulfide inowanzo shandiswa semushonga unodzikisa, iyo inoshandawo semushonga wealkali. Kuti leucophore isanyungudike, zvinhu zvakaita sesoda ash zvinogona kuwedzerwa zvakakodzera, asi musanganiswa wealkaline mubhavhu haugone kusimba zvakanyanya, zvikasadaro mwero wekudzikisa dhayi uchanonoka.
2, dhayi iri mumushonga wedhayi inonamirwa nefayibha
Leucophore yedhayi yesulfide inowanikwa muchimiro cheanion mumushonga wedhayi, ine hunhu hwakananga kufiber yecellulose, inogona kunamirwa pamusoro pefiber uye kupararira mukati mefiber. Hunhu hwakananga hwedhayi yesulfur kune fiber yecellulose hwakaderera, kazhinji uchishandisa chiyero chidiki chekugezera, ukuwo uchiwedzera ma electrolyte akakodzera, pakupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kuvandudza mwero wekudhaya, kuenzana uye kupenya kwemvura.
3, kurapwa kwe oxidation
Mushure mekudhaya pafaibha, leuco yedhayi resarufa inofanira kuoxidized kuti iratidze ruvara rwaunoda. Kuoxidization idanho rakakosha mushure mekudhaya madhayi akaoxidized. Dhayi yakaoxidized vulcanized inogona kuoxidized nemhepo mushure mekudhaya nekusuka nekufema, kureva, nzira yekuoxidized nemhepo; Kune mamwe madhayi esulfide asiri nyore kuoxidized, maoxidizing agents anoshandiswa kukurudzira oxidation.
4. Kugadziriswa mushure mekugadzirisa
Mushure mekurapa kunosanganisira kuchenesa, kuisa mafuta, kudzivirira kusviba uye kugadzirisa mavara. Dhayi dzesarufa dzinofanira kugezwa zvizere mushure mekudhayiwa kuderedza sarufa yasara pajira uye kudzivirira kusviba kwejira, nekuti sarufa iri mudhayi nesarufa iri mualkali sulfide zviri nyore kuoxidize mumhepo kuti igadzire sulfuric acid, iyo inokonzeresa acid hydrolysis ye cellulose fiber uye kuderedza simba re fractureness yefiber. Nokudaro, inogona kurapwa nezvinhu zvinodzivirira kusviba, zvakaita se: urea, trisodium phosphate, bone glue, sodium acetate, nezvimwewo. Kuti dyes dzakasanganiswa ne vulcanized dzive ne soap fast, ruvara runogona kugadziriswa mushure mekudhayiwa. Kune nzira mbiri dzekurapa: metal salt treatment (yakadai se: potassium dichromate, copper sulfate, copper acetate uye musanganiswa wemunyu uyu) uye cationic color fixing agent treatment.
nhema nebhuruu rakasvibiswa ndizvo zvinonyanya kushandiswa.
Chechipiri, mashandiro ekudhaya e sulfide dyes
Dhayi resulfide rinoderedzwa uye rinonyungudutswa kuita dhayi, uye dhayi re leucochroma rinoumbwa rinonyungudutswa ne cellulose fibers uye rinogadziriswa ne air oxidation kuti cellulose fibers iratidze ruvara rwaunoda. Fomura yaro yemakemikari ndeye
DS-SO3Na + Na2S→D-SNa + Na2S2O3
Dhayi resulfide harina hukama nefiber, uye chimiro charo chine mabhondi esulfure (1 S 1), mabhondi edisulfide (1 s — S) kana mabhondi epolysulfide (1 Sx 1), ayo anoderedzwa kuita boka rehydrogen sulfide (1 SNa) pasi pesimba re sodium sulfide reducing agents, uye anova leucochromic sodium salt inonyungudika mumvura. Chikonzero nei ma leucochromes aine hukama hwakanaka ne cellulose fibers ndechekuti mamorekuru edhayi akakura, izvo zvinoburitsa masimba makuru evan der Waals uye masimba ehydrogen bonding pakati pefibers.
III. Kupatsanurwa kwedhayi dzesarufa
Dhayi dzesulfide dzinogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina:
1, dhayi yeupfu sulfide
Maitiro edhayi: DSSD, inowanzo shandiswa kufashaira sodium sulfide, yakanyungudutswa mushure mekushandisa.
2, madhayi ehydrolytic sulfide
Fomura yakajairika yedhayi: D-SSO3Na, rudzi urwu rwedhayi rwakagadzirwa ne sodium sulfite kana sodium bisulfite kurapwa kwemadhayi echinyakare esulfide, madhayi ane mapoka anonyungudika mumvura, saka anonyungudika mumvura, asi dhayi haina zvinoderedza, haina hukama nemafiber, inowanzo shandiswa nzira yekudhaya suspension pad inoshandiswa pajira.3, dhayi yesulfide yemvura
Fomura yakajairika yekugadzirwa kwedhayi ndeiyi: D-SNa, ine huwandu hwakati hwechinhu chinodzikisa, dhayi inoderedzwa kuita leptochroma inonyungudika.
Pamberi pa1936, dhayi yakasanganiswa yaitengeswa muchimiro cheupfu. Payaishandiswa, dhayi yakasanganiswa nehupfu yaipiswa pamwe chete kuti ifashaire ne sulfide aqueous solution kuti inyungudike. Muna 1936, John Le Clester wekuUnited States akagadzira sulfide dye concentrated solution yakanga yaderedzwa, uye yakasimbiswa zvakanaka, uye akawana patent, iyo yava kuzivikanwa se liquid sulfide dye.
4, dhayi yesulfide inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza
Mukugadzirwa kwayo, inonatswa kuita madhayi anobuda, asi huwandu hwesarufa nehuwandu hwepolysulfide hwakaderera zvikuru pane hwemadhayi esulfide akajairwa. Dhayi iyi ine kuchena kwakanyanya, ine mwero wekudzikisa wakasimba uye inopinza zvakanaka. Panguva imwe chete, chinhu chinodzikisa shuga nehupfu hweinishuwarenzi chinoshandiswa mubhavhu redhayi, izvo zvisingangogone kuderedza dhayi yesulfide chete asiwo zvine basa rekuchengetedza nharaunda.
Chechina, maitiro ekudhaya madhayi esulfide
Maitiro ekudhaya vulcanization anogona kukamurwa kuita matanho mana anotevera:
1. Kuderedzwa kwedhayi
Zviri nyore kuderedza nekunyungudutsa madhayi esulfide, uye sodium sulfide inowanzo shandiswa semushonga unodzikisa, iyo inoshandawo semushonga wealkali. Kuti leucophore isanyungudike, zvinhu zvakaita sesoda ash zvinogona kuwedzerwa zvakakodzera, asi musanganiswa wealkaline mubhavhu haugone kusimba zvakanyanya, zvikasadaro mwero wekudzikisa dhayi uchanonoka.
2, dhayi iri mumushonga wedhayi inonamirwa nefayibha
Leucophore yedhayi yesulfide inowanikwa muchimiro cheanion mumushonga wedhayi, ine hunhu hwakananga kufiber yecellulose, inogona kunamirwa pamusoro pefiber uye kupararira mukati mefiber. Hunhu hwakananga hwedhayi yesulfur kune fiber yecellulose hwakaderera, kazhinji uchishandisa chiyero chidiki chekugezera, ukuwo uchiwedzera ma electrolyte akakodzera, pakupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kuvandudza mwero wekudhaya, kuenzana uye kupenya kwemvura.
3, kurapwa kwe oxidation
Mushure mekudhaya pafaibha, leuco yedhayi resarufa inofanira kuoxidized kuti iratidze ruvara rwaunoda. Kuoxidization idanho rakakosha mushure mekudhaya madhayi akaoxidized. Dhayi yakaoxidized vulcanized inogona kuoxidized nemhepo mushure mekudhaya nekusuka nekufema, kureva, nzira yekuoxidized nemhepo; Kune mamwe madhayi esulfide asiri nyore kuoxidized, maoxidizing agents anoshandiswa kukurudzira oxidation.
4. Kugadziriswa mushure mekugadzirisa
Mushure mekurapa kunosanganisira kuchenesa, kuisa mafuta, kudzivirira kusviba uye kugadzirisa mavara. Dhayi dzesarufa dzinofanira kugezwa zvizere mushure mekudhayiwa kuderedza sarufa yasara pajira uye kudzivirira kusviba kwejira, nekuti sarufa iri mudhayi nesarufa iri mualkali sulfide zviri nyore kuoxidize mumhepo kuti igadzire sulfuric acid, iyo inokonzeresa acid hydrolysis ye cellulose fiber uye kuderedza simba re fractureness yefiber. Nokudaro, inogona kurapwa nezvinhu zvinodzivirira kusviba, zvakaita se: urea, trisodium phosphate, bone glue, sodium acetate, nezvimwewo. Kuti dyes dzakasanganiswa ne vulcanized dzive ne soap fast, ruvara runogona kugadziriswa mushure mekudhayiwa. Kune nzira mbiri dzekurapa: metal salt treatment (yakadai se: potassium dichromate, copper sulfate, copper acetate uye musanganiswa wemunyu uyu) uye cationic color fixing agent treatment.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-19-2023